Biology Exam Review
1.
a. What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino Acids
b. How many different kinds of building blocks are there? 20
c. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? Nucleotides
d. How many polynucleotide chains are present in a DNA molecule? 2
e. What parts of a nucleotide never vary? Phosphate and 5 carbon sugar.
f. What parts of a nucleotide vary? Nitrogen bases.
g. How many different kinds of nucleotides are there? 5
h. How many different kinds of nucleotides are present in the DNA language? 4
2. In a polynucleotide chain, at the end a free [OH] hydrogen group exists, this end is referred to as the _____3’_____ at the other end a free __(p) Phosphate__ group exists, this end is referred to as the _____5’_____.
3. Describe the roles of the following enzymes and proteins during DNA Replication.
a. DNA polymerase I – (Eraser) Chews up and removes RNA nucleotides. Fills in the space with DNA Nucleotides.
b. Single-strand Binding Proteins – (Straightners)
c. DNA Ligase – (Welder) Fills in the spaces between where the primers were and brings the Okazaki fragments together.
d. Helicase – (Unzipper) Unzips the DNA so that the builder can start building.
4. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.DNA à Double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine.RNA à Single stranded, ribose, uracil.
5. What is primase and what is its main function?A short RNA segment that is complementary to a DNA segment, and is necessary to begin DNA Replication. Creates its own chain and creates primer that consists of about 10 nucleotides.
6. What does the adjacent diagram represent? What is their purpose?Represents a replication bubble. The purpose is to speed up the process of replication.
7. At which letter would the next nucleotide be added? A B C D EWhich letter represents the 5’ end? AWhat is the name of the sugar in the adjacent drawing? RiboseWhat would the order of nitrogen bases be on the newly replicated strand?_____TAC_____What would be the order of nitrogen bases be on the newly transcribed stand _____UAC_____
8.
9.
10. Transcription TranslationTemplate DNA Template RibosomeLocation Nucleus CytoplasmMolecules Involved RNA Polymerase tRNA RNA Nucleotides mRNA CAAT Box rRNA TATA Box Amino Acids Transcription factorsEnd Products mRNA Protein
11. Use the chart on the following page to answer the following questions.
a. If ATA is part of a template stand of a DNA molecule what does ATA code for? UAU à Tyrosine.
b. What type of point mutation would occur if ATA was changed to ATT? Nonsense mutation
c. What does the triplet ATT code for? UAA à Stop codon
d. If ATA was changed to ATG? Silent Mutation
e. What does ATG code for? UAC à Tyrosine
f. If ATA was changed to AAA? Missense mutation
g. What does AAA code for? UUU à Phenylalanine.
h. What type of point mutation was not mention above? Frameshift.
i. Explain how this type of mutation can occur. If a nucleotide (nitrogen base) is added to it (addition) or if one is removed (deletion).
j. Explain whether or not this is usually more harmful or less harmful than the mutations mentioned before it? It is more harmful because once one triplet is wrong all the triplets of nitrogen bases following the original are also wrong.
12. DNA _A_ _A_ _T_ _T_ _C_ _T_ _A_ _T_ _A_ _T_ _T_ _A_ _A_ _G_ _A_ _T_ _A_ _T_ mRNA _A_ _A_ _U_ _U_ _C_ _U_ _A_ _U_ _A_ tRNA _U_ _U_ _A_ _A_ _G_ _A_ _U_ _A_ _U_
a. Fill in the missing letters in the above.
b. What amino acids will the above code for using the mRNA chart on the following page?Amino Acids _____Asparagine, Serine, Isoleucine______
13. Using the following table for tRNA construct the DNA molecule that would code for part of the protein…Glutamic Acid Lysine Tyrosine
Amino Acids
tRNA code
Serine
AGC
Protine
GGG
Leucine
AAU
Glutamic Acid
CUU
Tyrosine
AUA
Arginine
GCU
Glutamine
GUU
Phenylalanine
AAA
Valine
CAA
Lysine
UUU
14. Define the following and give examples where possible.
a. Homozygous – this means that the genes for a trait are the same (“homo” = same [in Greek]) Example: TT or tt
b. Genotype – This is the actual gene that represents a trait. Example: TT, Tt, tt.
c. Phenotype – This means to show what actually shows up. Example: Black, white, tall, short.
d. Hybrid – This is the same thing as heterozygous this means that the genes for a trait are different. Example: Tt
e. Alleles – Opposite forms of a trait, that are found on the same position on the member of a chromosome pair. Example: B b
15.
a. In guinea pigs black coat colour is dominant over white. If a black guinea pig is crossed with a white and 10 offspring are produced all black. List the possibly genotypes of
i. The black Guinea pig __BB__.
ii. The white Guinea pig __bb__.
iii. The black offspring __Bb__.
b. A black guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig and 2 offspring are produced, one black and one white. What are the possible genotypes of the
i. White offspring __bb__.
ii. Black offspring __Bb__.
c. A white male is mated to two black females. Female A has 10 offspring all black, female B has 7 offspring: 4 white and 3 black. Give the genotypes of
i. The male __bb__.
ii. Female A __BB__.
iii. Female B __Bb__.
16. In the pedigree below, unattached earlobes is dominant over attached earlobes. The filled in squares and circles represent people with attached earlobes. What are the possible genotypes ofI1 __ee__, I2 __Ee__, II1 __E?__, II2 __ee__, II3 __Ee__, II4 __Ee__, III1 __Ee__.
17. What time of inheritance is each of the following:
a. Blood type in humans Multiple Alleles
b. Coat color in guinea pigs Complete Dominance
c. Coat color in short horned cattle Incomplete Dominance
d. Coat color in rabbits Multiple Alleles
e. Skin pigmentation (albinism) Complete Dominance
f. Eye color in fruit flies Sex-linked Inheritance
g. Height in pea plants Complete Dominance
h. A tall unconstructed pea plant Di-hybrid Cross
i. Color blindness in humans Sex-linked Inheritance
j. Hemophilia in humans Sex-linked Inheritance
k. Flower color in 4 o’clock flowers Incomplete Dominance
18. What is or are the genotypes of following. Show all possibilities.
a. A pink 4 o’clock flower
b. A person of bloodgroup A whose father was B
c. An albino male whose father was normal
d. A Himalayan rabbit whose mother was chinchilla
e. A short pea plant one of whose parents were tall
f. A full coat color rabbit one of whose parents were albino
g. A person of blood group AB one of whose parents were A
h. A Homozygous black guinea pig
i. A white short horned cow whose mother was roan
j. A short pea plant one of whose parents were tall
k. A man heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation
l. A roan short horned cow
m. A Himalayan rabbit
n. A person of blood group A whose father was O
o. A hybrid black guinea pig
p. A non hemophilic male whose father was hemophilic
q. A white guinea pig whose mother was black
r. A white eyed female fruit fly whose mother was red
s. A hemophilic color blind woman of blood group AB
t. A non hemophilic woman whose mother was hemophilic
u. A non hemophilic man of blood group O
v. A heterozygous black guinea pig
w. A hemophilic woman who is a carrier for color blindness
x. A man of blood group A, who is color blind
y. An albino man, who is blood group O, and color blind
19. Explain how each of the following kinds of inheritance is different from the others
a. Sex-linked Inheritance – the genes we are studying can only be found on the x-chromosome/sex chromosome and must go where ever these chromosomes go.
b. Complete Dominance – cross-organisms purebreeding for opposite forms of a trait. The offspring resembles a parent.
e.g. BB x bb = Bb
c. Multiple Alleles – three or more genes responsible for a trait however, any organism in the population may inherit only two genes.
d. Incomplete Dominance – cross-organisms purebreeding for opposite forms of a trait. The offsprings shows a mixture or blend between both parental types.e.g. RR x WW = RW
20. List 3 facts that if present would help you determine that an inherited trait was sex-linked recessive.- The trait shows up more commonly in men than women as women can hide it.- If mother has the trait so will all of her sons.- If man has the trait it cannot be passed to son because he gives the y chromosome.
21. When two hybrid tall pea plants are crossed the punnett square below is obtained. T t T TT Tt t Tt tt
a. What % of the offspring are hybrids? 50%
b. What % of the offspring are homozygous? 50%
c. What % of the offspring carry the dominant gene? 75%
d. What % of the offspring carry the recessive gene? 75%
e. What % of the short pea plants are heterozygous? 0%
f. What % of the short pea plants are homozygous? 100%
g. What % of the tall pea plants are heterozygous? 66%
h. What % of the tall pea plants are homozygous? 33%
22. The chart below is for blood types. Give the genotype for the people listen 1 to 8.
i. IAi
ii. IAi
iii. IBi
iv. IAi
v. ii
vi. IBi
vii. IAi
viii. Ii
23. In humans Optic atrophy (A type of blindness) is due to a recessive sex linked gene. What is or are the possible genotypes of a female who does not have this disease?XCXC or XCXc
24. In humans Huntingtons chorea is due to a dominant autosomal gene. What is or are the possible genotypes of a female who does not have this disease?
25. A red short horned cow is crossed with a white short horned bull. What % of the offspring will be red white
26. What were the parents of the following groups of offspring from guinea pig crosses? Give all possibilities assuming that the laws of chance are operating (black is dominance)
a. One half of the offspring are black
b. One half of the offspring are hybrid black
c. All of the offspring are black
27. The filled in squares and circles represent people who are color blind. List the genotypes of people 1 to 8.
i. XCY
ii. XCXc
iii. XCXc
iv. XCXc
v. XcY
vi. XcXc
vii. XCY
viii. XCXc
28. A male of blood group A whose father was blood group B marries a woman blood group B whose father was blood group O. What are the genotypes of
a. The Man
b. His Father
c. The woman
d. Her Father
What kind of children can be produced and in what proportion?

29. In guinea pigs Black Coat color is dominant over white, if two black guinea pigs produce a black offspring, how can you determine if the offspring is homozygous? Show all work
30. A woman has two sons, one son is hemophilic and color blind, and the other son is normal. What are the genotypes of the woman and her sons?
31. In turkeys A dominant gene B produces the familiar bronze color, its recessive allele b results in red. In another pair of genes responsible for feathers the dominant gene F results in normal feathers, its recessive allele f produces feathers without webbing so that they resemble tufts of hair. A bronze turkey with normal feathers is mated to a red turkey with hairy feathers. Normal feathers and is red with normal feathers. What are the genotypes of the parents and offspring?
Parent bronze with normal feathersParent red with hairy feathers
11 bronze with normal feathers
15 red with normal feathers
32. Given the following genotypes, show all the possible different kinds of gametes that could be produced
a. AABB
b. AaDd
c. AADDEe
d. AAddeeff
e. AaBBCc
f. AaBbDd
33. In pea plants tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) and round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r). If we cross a heterozygous tall plant that produces wrinkled seeds with a short plant that produces wrinkled seeds, what kind of offspring can they have and in what proportion?
34. In humans broad lips (B) are dominant to thin lip (B) and long eyelashes (L) are dominant to short eyelashes (l). If a woman heterozygous for both broad lips and loneyelashes marries a man heterozygous for broad lips and long eyelashes, what kinds of children can they have and in what percentage?

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